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Domain Name Registration and Hosting
The term domain name has multiple related meanings:
A name that identifies a computer or computers on the internet. These names
appear as a component of a Web site's URL, e.g. wikipedia.org. This type of
domain name is also called a hostname.
The product that domain name registrars provide to their customers. These names
are often called registered domain names.
Names used for other purposes in the Domain Name System (DNS), for example the
special name which follows the @ sign in an email address, or the Top-level
domain names like .com, or the names used by the Session Initiation Protocol (VoIP),
or DomainKeys.
They are sometimes colloquially (and incorrectly) referred to by marketers as
"web addresses".
This article will primarily discuss registered domain names. See the Domain Name
System article for technical discussions about general domain names and the
hostname article for further information about the most common type of domain
name.
Overview
The most common types of domain names are hostnames that provide more memorable
names to stand in for numeric IP addresses. They allow for any service to move
to a different location in the topology of the Internet (or an intranet), which
would then have a different IP address.
By allowing the use of unique alphabetical addresses instead of numeric ones,
domain names allow Internet users to more easily find and communicate with web
sites and other server-based services. The flexibility of the domain name system
allows multiple IP addresses to be assigned to a single domain name, or multiple
domain names to be assigned to a single IP address. This means that one server
may have multiple roles (such as hosting multiple independent Web sites), or
that one role can be spread among many servers. One IP address can also be
assigned to several servers, as used in anycast and hijacked IP space.
Hostnames are restricted to the ASCII letters "a" through "z"
(case-insensitive), the digits "0" through "9", and the hyphen, with some other
restrictions. Registrars restrict the domains to valid hostnames, since,
otherwise, they would be useless. The Internationalized domain name (IDN) system
has been developed to bypass the restrictions on character allowances in
hostnames, making it easier for users of non-English alphabets to use the
Internet. The underscore character is frequently used to ensure that a domain
name is not recognized as a hostname, for example with the use of SRV records,
although some older systems, such as NetBIOS did allow it. Due to confusion and
other reasons, domain names with underscores in them are sometimes used where
hostnames are required.
Examples
The following example illustrates the difference between a URL (Uniform Resource
Locator) and a domain name:
URL: http://www.example.net/index.html
Domain name: www.example.net
Registered domain name: example.net
As a general rule, the IP address and the server name are interchangeable. For
most Internet services, the server will not have any way to know which was used.
However, the explosion of interest in the Web means that there are far more Web
sites than servers. To accommodate this, the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)
specifies that the client tells the server which name is being used. This way,
one server with one IP address can provide different sites for different domain
names. This feature goes under the name virtual hosting and is commonly used by
Web hosts.
For example, as referenced in RFC 2606 (Reserved Top Level DNS Names), the
server at IP address 192.0.34.166 handles all of the following sites:
example.com
www.example.com
example.net
www.example.net
example.org
www.example.org
When a request is made, the data corresponding to the hostname requested is
served to the user.
Top-level domains
Every domain name ends in a top-level domain (TLD) name, which is always either
one of a small list of generic names (three or more characters), or a
two-character territory code based on ISO-3166 (there are few exceptions and new
codes are integrated case by case). Top-level domains are sometimes also called
first-level domains.
The generic top-level domain (gTLD) extensions are:
[show] v ? d ? e Generic top-level domains
Unsponsored .biz .com .edu .gov .info .int .mil .name .net .org
Sponsored .aero .asia .cat .coop .jobs .mobi .museum .pro .tel .travel
Infrastructure .arpa .root
Proposed locations: .berlin .lat .nyc children: .kid .kids
language communities: .bzh .cym .gal .sco
technical: .geo .mail .web other: .post .xxx
Deleted/retired .nato
Reserved .example .invalid .localhost .test
Pseudo-domains .bitnet .csnet .ip .local .onion .uucp
Unofficial see Alternative DNS roots
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also: Country code top-level domains
The country code top-level domain (ccTLD) extensions are:
[show]v ? d ? eCountry code top-level domains
Active: .ac .ad .ae .af .ag .ai .al .am .an .ao .aq .ar .as .at .au .aw .ax .az
.ba .bb .bd .be .bf .bg .bh .bi .bj .bm .bn .bo .br .bs .bt .bw .by .bz .ca .cc
.cd .cf .cg .ch .ci .ck .cl .cm .cn .co .cr .cu .cv .cx .cy .cz .de .dj .dk .dm
.do .dz .ec .ee .eg .er .es .et .eu .fi .fj .fk .fm .fo .fr .ga .gd .ge .gf .gg
.gh .gi .gl .gm .gn .gp .gq .gr .gs .gt .gu .gw .gy .hk .hm .hn .hr .ht .hu .id
.ie .il .im .in .io .iq .ir .is .it .je .jm .jo .jp .ke .kg .kh .ki .km .kn .kp
.kr .kw .ky .kz .la .lb .lc .li .lk .lr .ls .lt .lu .lv .ly .ma .mc .me .md .mg
.mh .mk .ml .mm .mn .mo .mp .mq .mr .ms .mt .mu .mv .mw .mx .my .mz .na .nc .ne
.nf .ng .ni .nl .no .np .nr .nu .nz .om .pa .pe .pf .pg .ph .pk .pl .pn .pr .ps
.pt .pw .py .qa .re .ro .rs .ru .rw .sa .sb .sc .sd .se .sg .sh .si .sk .sl .sm
.sn .sr .st .sv .sy .sz .tc .td .tf .tg .th .tj .tk .tl .tm .tn .to .tr .tt .tv
.tw .tz .ua .ug .uk .us .uy .uz .va .vc .ve .vg .vi .vn .vu .wf .ws .ye .za .zm
.zw
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reserved/unassigned: .bl .eh .mf .um Allocated/unused: .bv .gb .pm .sj .so .yt
Phaseout: .su .tp .yu Deleted/retired: .cs .zr
See also: Generic top-level domains
Other-level domains
In addition to the top-level domains, there are second-level domain (SLD) names.
These are the names directly to the left of .com, .net, and the other top-level
domains. As an example, in the domain en.wikipedia.org, "wikipedia" is the
second-level domain.
On the next level are third-level domains. These domains are immediately to the
left of a second-level domain. In the en.wikipedia.org example, "en" is a
third-level domain. There can be fourth and fifth level domains and so on, with
virtually no limitation. An example of a working domain with five levels is
www.sos.state.oh.us. Each level is separated by a dot or period symbol between
them.
Domains of third or higher level are also known as subdomains, though this term
technically applies to a domain of any level, since even a top-level domain is a
"subdomain" of the "root" domain (a "zeroth-level" domain that is designated by
a dot alone).
Traditionally, the second level domain was the name of the company or the name
used on the internet. The third level was commonly used to designate a
particular host server. Therefore, ftp.wikipedia.org might be an FTP server,
www.wikipedia.org would be a World Wide Web Server, and mail.wikipedia.org could
be an email server. Modern technology now allows multiple servers to serve a
single subdomain, or multiple protocols or domains to be served by a single
computer. Therefore, subdomains may or may not have any real purpose.
Official assignment
ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) has overall
responsibility for managing the DNS. It controls the root domain, delegating
control over each top-level domain to a domain name registry. For ccTLDs, the
domain registry is typically controlled by the government of that country. ICANN
has a consultation role in these domain registries but is in no position to
regulate the terms and conditions of how a domain name is allocated or who
allocates it in each of these country level domain registries. On the other
hand, generic top-level domains (gTLDs) are governed directly under ICANN which
means all terms and conditions are defined by ICANN with the cooperation of the
gTLD registries.
Domain names which are theoretically leased can be considered in the same way as
real estate, due to a significant impact on online brand building, advertising,
search engine optimization, etc.
A few companies have offered low-cost, below-cost or even free domain
registrations, with a variety of models adopted to recoup the costs to the
provider. These usually require that domains are hosted on their site in a
framework or portal, with advertising wrapped around the user's content, revenue
from which allows the provider to recoup the costs. When the DNS was new, domain
registrations were free. A domain owner can generally give away or sell infinite
subdomains of their domain, e.g. the owner of example.edu could provide domains
that are subdomains, such as foo.example.edu and foo.bar.example.edu.
Uses and abuses
As domain names became attractive to marketers, rather than just the technical
audience for which they were originally intended, they began to be used in
manners that in many cases did not fit in their intended structure. As
originally planned, the structure of domain names followed a strict hierarchy in
which the top level domain indicated the type of organization (commercial,
governmental, etc.), and addresses would be nested down to third, fourth, or
further levels to express complex structures, where, for instance, branches,
departments, and subsidiaries of a parent organization would have addresses
which were subdomains of the parent domain. Also, hostnames were intended to
correspond to actual physical machines on the network, generally with only one
name per machine.
However, once the World Wide Web became popular, site operators frequently
wished to have memorable addresses, regardless of whether they fit properly in
the structure; thus, since the .com domain was the most popular and memorable,
even noncommercial sites would often get addresses under it, and sites of all
sorts wished to have second-level domain registrations even if they were parts
of a larger entity where a logical subdomain would have made sense (e.g.,
abcnews.com instead of news.abc.com). A Web site found at http://www.example.org/
will often be advertised without the "http://", and in most cases can be reached
by just entering "example.org" into a Web browser. In the case of a .com, the
Web site can sometimes be reached by just entering "example" (depending on
browser versions and configuration settings, which vary in how they interpret
incomplete addresses).
The popularity of domain names also led to uses which were regarded as abusive
by established companies with trademark rights; this was known as cybersquatting,
in which somebody took a name that resembled a trademark in order to profit from
traffic to that address. To combat this, various laws and policies were enacted
to allow abusive registrations to be forcibly transferred, but these were
sometimes themselves abused by overzealous companies committing reverse domain
hijacking against domain users who had legitimate grounds to hold their names,
such as their being generic words as well as trademarks in a particular context,
or their use in the context of fan or protest sites with free speech rights of
their own.
Laws that specifically address domain name conflicts include the
Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act in the United States and the
Trademarks Act, 1999, in India. Alternatively, domain registrants are bound by
contract under the UDRP to comply with mandatory arbitration proceedings should
someone challenge their ownership of the domain name.
Generic domain names — problems arising out of unregulated name selection
Within a particular top-level domain, parties are generally free to select an
unallocated domain name as their own on a first come, first served basis,
resulting in Harris's lament, all the good ones are taken. For generic or
commonly used names, this may sometimes lead to the use of a domain name which
is inaccurate or misleading. This problem can be seen with regard to the
ownership or control of domain names for a generic product or service.
By way of illustration, there has been tremendous growth in the number and size
of literary festivals around the world in recent years. In this context,
currently a generic domain name such as literary.org is available to the first
literary festival organisation which is able to obtain registration, even if the
festival in question is very young or obscure. Some critics would argue that
there is greater amenity in reserving such domain names for the use of, for
example, a regional or umbrella grouping of festivals. Related issues may also
arise in relation to non-commercial domain names.
Unconventional domain names
Due to the rarity of one-word dot-com domain names, many unconventional domain
names, domain hacks, have been gaining popularity. They make use of the
top-level domain as an integral part of the Web site's title. Two popular domain
hack Web sites are del.icio.us and blo.gs, which spell out "delicious" and "blogs",
respectively.
Unconventional domain names are also used to create unconventional email
addresses. Non-working examples that spell 'James' are j@m.es and j@mes.com,
which use the domain names m.es (of Spain's .es) and mes.com, respectively.
Commercial resale of domain names
An economic effect of the widespread usage of domain names has been the resale
market (after-market) for generic domain names that has sprung up in the last
decade. Certain domains, especially those related to business, gambling,
pornography, and other commercially lucrative fields of digital world trade have
become very much in demand to corporations and entrepreneurs due to their
importance in attracting clients.
The most expensive public sale of an Internet domain name to date, according to
DNJournal, is porn.com which was sold in 2007 for $9.5 million cash.
There are disputes about the high values of domain names claimed and the actual
cash prices of many sales such Business.com. Another high-priced domain name,
sex.com, was stolen from its rightful owner by means of a forged transfer
instruction via fax. During the height of the dot-com era, the domain was
earning millions of dollars per month in advertising revenue from the large
influx of visitors that arrived daily. The sex.com sale may have never been
final as the domain is still with the previous owner. Also, that sale was not
just a domain but an income stream, a web site, a domain name with customers and
advertisers, etc. Two long-running U.S. lawsuits resulted, one against the thief
and one against the domain registrar VeriSign . In one of the cases, Kremen v.
Network Solutions, the court found in favor of the plaintiff, leading to an
unprecedented ruling that classified domain names as property, granting them the
same legal protections. In 1999, Microsoft traded the name Bob.com with internet
entrepreneur Bob Kerstein for the name Windows2000.com which was the name of
their new operating system.
One of the reasons for the value of domain names is that even without
advertising or marketing, they attract clients seeking services and products who
simply type in the generic name. This is know as Direct Navigation or Type-in
Traffic. Furthermore, generic domain names such as movies.com (now owned by
Disney) or Books.com (now owned by Barnes & Noble) are extremely easy for
potential customers to remember, increasing the probability that they become
repeat customers or regular clients. In the case of Movies.com, Disney has built
a stand-alone portal featuring branded content. More and more large brands are
beginning to employ a more comprehensive domain strategy featuring a portfolio
of thousands of domains, rather than just one or two.
Although the current domain market is nowhere as strong as it was during the
dot-com heyday, it remains strong and is currently experiencing solid growth
again. Annually tens of millions of dollars change hands due to the resale of
domains. Large numbers of registered domain names lapse and are deleted each
year. On average 25,000 domain names drop (are deleted) every day.
It is very important to remember that a domain (name, address) must be valued
separately from the website (content, revenue) that it is used for. The high
prices have usually been paid for the revenue that was generated from the
website at the domain's address (url.). The intrinsic value of a domain is the
registration fee. There is no such a thing as a current market value for a
domain, it just takes what somebody pays. The Fair Market Value of a domain can
be anything from the registration fee: The lowest known past selling price, the
highest known past selling, price, the most recent selling price, or just any
past selling price and any of these (or any sum resp. division etc.) is usually
added to the current or expected revenue from the web content (advertising,
sales, etc.). Domain (name + ext.) should not be mixed with website (content +
revenue). The estimation by appraisers are always the addition of what they
would like that a domain is worth together with the effective/expected/desired
revenue from the web content. Some people put value on the length of the SLD
(name) and other people prefer description capability, but the shorter a SLD is,
the less descriptive it can be. Also, if short is crucial, then the TLD
(extension) should be short too. It is less realistic to get a domain like
LL.travel or LL.mobi than a domain travel.LL or mobi.LL. This illustrates the
relativity of domain value estimation. It can be safely put that the revenue af
a web (content) can be easily stated, but that the value of a domain (SLD.TLD
aka name.ext) is a matter of opinions and preferences. In the end, however, any
sale depend of the estimates by the domain seller and the domain buyer.
People who buy and sell domain names are known as domainers. People who sell
value estimation services are known as appraisers.
According to Guinness World Records and MSNBC, the most expensive domain name
sales on record as of 2004 were: Business.com for $7.5 million in December 1999,
AsSeenOnTv.com for $5.1 million in January 2000, Altavista.com for $3.3 million
in August 1998, Wine.com for $2.9 million in September 1999, CreditCards.com for
$2.75 million in July 2004, and Autos.com for $2.2 million in December 1999.
Domain name confusion
Intercapping is often used to clarify a domain name. However, DNS is
case-insensitive, and some names may be misinterpreted when converted to
lowercase. For example: Who Represents, a database of artists and agents, chose
whorepresents.com; a therapists' network thought therapistfinder.com looked
good; and another website operating as of August 2007, is penisland.net a
website for Pen Island, a site that claims to be an online pen vendor, but
exists primarily as a joke, as it has no products for sale. Other examples
include cummingfirst.com, website of the Cumming First United Church in Cumming,
GA and powergenitalia.com, a website for an Italian Power Generator company. In
such situations, the proper wording can be clarified by use of hyphens. For
instance, Experts Exchange, the programmers' site, for a long time used
expertsexchange.com, but ultimately changed the name to experts-exchange.com.
Leo Stoller threatened to sue the owners of StealThisEmail.com on the basis
that, when read as stealthisemail.com, it infringed on claimed trademark rights
to the word "stealth".
For more information, check out domain name
For domain hosting, check out Hosting
RuneScape is a Java-based
MMORPG operated by Jagex Ltd. With over nine million active free accounts and
more than one million paid member accounts, RuneScape is rated among the most
popular online games in the world. More than five million unique players access
their accounts to play RuneScape at least once per month. RuneScape offers both
free and subscription content and is designed to be accessible from any location
with an Internet connection and to run in an ordinary web browser without
straining system resources. One of the best website that discussed various
gamers' issues is IJFG.com IJFG.COM
Internet Junction For Gamers Internet Junction
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fantasy world, similar to "Guild Wars" or "EverQuest", where players control
character representations of themselves. As with most massive multiplayer online roleplaying games (MMORPG), there is no overall objective or end to the game.
Players explore, form alliances, perform optional tasks, and complete quests for
rewards and to build character's skills.
Internet Junction For Gamers, Runescape Market and More. IJFG.com IJFG.com
RuneScape takes place in the fantasy-themed realm of Gielinor, which is divided
into several different kingdoms, regions, and areas. Players can travel
throughout the gaming world on foot, by using magical teleportation spells or
devices, or mechanical means of transportation. Each region offers different
types of monsters, materials, and quests to challenge players. Players are shown
on the screen as customisable avatars. They set their own goals and objectives,
deciding which of the available activities to pursue. There is no linear path
that must be followed. Players can engage in combat with other players or with
monsters, complete quests, or increase their experience in any of the available
skills. Players interact with each other through trading, chatting, or playing
combative or cooperative mini-games.
Internet Junction For Gamers, Runescape Market and More IJFG.COM
IJFG.com
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Another useful site is
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